Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. 744 Chapter 21 • Hydrocarbons Section 221.11.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons MAIN Idea Hydrocarbons are carbon-containing organic compounds that provide a source of energy and raw materials. For example, Carotenes is an organic pigment which is found in green leaves and carrots. Download hydrocarbons JEE Previous Year Solved Questions PDF. Real-World Reading Link If you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used hydrocarbons. Chemistry. The four general classes of hydrocarbons are: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes. The ability of hydrocarbons to bond to themselves is known as catenation. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! Metallic compounds: zinc, titanium, calcium, magnesium, vanadium, copper, nickel, and iron. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. However, today we classify hydrocarbons on the basis of structure and not merely on the origin. Eg: C2H6 has more boiling point than CH4. Gives more substituted alkene as major products. Benzene generally undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions. The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. They are as follow is. Overview. 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This process plays a very important role in the commercial production of diesel fuel and gasoline. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS The term HYDROCARBONS means organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Less substituted alkenes formed as a major product. Other catalysts which can be used are Pt, Pd-BaSo4, Adams catalyst (Pt2O) or Wilkinson catalyst (R3PRhCl), etc. Hydrocarbons can feature simple or relatively complex structures and can be generally classified into four subcategories, namely alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aren’t. HYDROCARBONS are the compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only. All addition reactions in alkenes are possible. They are used in the manufacturing of polymers such as polyethene, polystyrene etc. Alkynes contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. The hydrocarbons differ both in the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecules and in the proportion of hydrogen to carbon. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. H2 gas is passed over a metal surface such as Ni, Pt along with the alkenes to produce alkane. The hydrocarbons can be classified in the following three categories, on the basis of the bonds present between carbon-carbon atoms. Boiling point depends on the following factors: Alkanes having high molecular mass and high boiling points. Classification of hydrocarbons’ exploration and exploitation projects 4 most profitable and largest ones (in terms of resources) are exploration projects. In this following topic we will discuss different types of hydrocarbon. The important fuels like Petrol, kerosene, coal gas, CNG, LPG etc. Older chemists classified hydrocarbons as either aliphatic or aromatic. If we look around us these hydrocarbons are widely distributed from fibre to petroleum, Coal to L P G used in daily life solvent in paints, dyes and drugs. Classification of Hydrocarbons. Alkanes with 10 C-atoms or less are generally gases at room temperatures more than 10 C-atoms, the molecules are gases or liquid. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. Hydrocarbon - Hydrocarbon - Physical properties: The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are generally similar to those of alkanes or cycloalkanes with equal numbers of carbon atoms. e.g., methane (CH 4), … Hydrocarbons – organic molecules which consist only of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. This is mainly due to the “self-bonding” or catenation of carbon that prevents the complete saturation of the hydrocarbon by the formation of double or triple bonds. NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS Nomenclature of Aliphatic Compounds According to IUPAC system, the name of organic compound, in general consists of the following parts. Alkanes having same molecular mass but having a different number of branches, the one with less branching has more boiling point this is because of the Vanderwal’s force weak on as area increases. Non-Hydrocarbon Components In addition to hydrocarbons, crude oils contain amounts of: Organic non-hydrocarbon, sulfur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing compounds. (hī'drōkär`bən), any organic compound composed solely of the elements hydrogen and carbon. 3. General formula: C H. Alkenes contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The general term aliphatic hydrocarbon refers to a compound that has a structure based on straight or branched chains or rings of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. Have questions or comments? Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are entirely made up of only two kinds of atoms – carbon and hydrogen. For example: Ethane CH3—CH3 • Unsaturated Hydrocarbon • Aromatic Hydrocarbon Benzene and its derivatives are called aromatic compounds. https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/2/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FPurdue%2FPurdue_Chem_26100%253A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Wenthold)%2FChapter_03%253A_Structure_of_Alkanes%2F3.1_Classification_of_Hydrocarbons, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Overview of Hydrocarbons. it also described the types of hydrocarbons. As such, it was found out that Aliphatic hydrocarbons were derived from chemical degradation of fats or oils whereas aromatic hydrocarbons contained substances that were a result of chemical degradation of certain plant extracts. There are two main classes of hydrocarbons - aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. All these eliminations are β- eliminations. The chemistry of these compounds is called organic chemistry. 3. The classification was done based on their source and properties. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. Alkanes generally having low boiling and melting points owing to their weak Vanderwal’s interaction. For example, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 has more Boiling point. Study Materials Missed the LibreFest? Introduction to Hydrocarbons. Terpenes (/ ˈ t ɜːr p iː n /) are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C 5 H 8) n.Comprising more than 30,000 compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predominantly by plants, particularly conifers. These hydrocarbons make up to 98% of natural crude rubber. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain ring structure… Plus I will cover some concepts about a derivative of hydrocarbons called Alcohols. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbonsthat is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Hydrocarbon, any of a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Hydrocarbons are classified into two categories known as open chain hydrocarbons and closed chain hydrocarbons. Terpenes are further classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes (C 10), sesquiterpenes (C 15), diterpenes (C 20), etc. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. Older chemists classified hydrocarbons as either aliphatic or aromatic. Open-chain or Aliphatic Compounds; Closed-chain … Hydrocarbons are widely used as fuels. The above reaction is called as “Sabatier-Sender son’s” reaction. are all hydrocarbons or their mixture. Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Hydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen. 4 mins. The hydrocarbons, which contain atoms linked on the open chain are known as open-chain compounds. Hydrocarbons and Oxides of Carbon: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide Nomenclature and Preparation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Concepts, Q&A Classification of … They serve as lubricating oil and grease. Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed solely of hydrogen and carbon. With such capabilities, they can form more complex molecules like cyclohexane and in rare instances aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. All organic compounds are divided into two broad classes based upon the pattern of chain of carbon atoms:. If it contains a great deal of long-chain hydrocarbons, the … Hydrocarbons are compounds comprised exclusively of carbon and hydrogen and they are by far the dominant components of crude oil, processed petroleum hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil), coal tar, creosote, dyestuff, and pyrolysis waste products. Important topics - Hydrocarbons (i) Classification of hydrocarbons (ii) Alkanes (iii) Alkenes (iv) Alkynes (v) Aromatic . The existence of hydrocarbons is seen in plants and trees. General formula: C H. 2. alkenes ("olefins"): contain a single carbon-carbon double bond. Classification of Hydrocarbons. Classification of Hydrocarbons The compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen in their molecules are called hydrocarbons. Sometimes catalysts are used to speed up the reaction. Crude oil's classification as either “light” or “heavy” depends on the oil’s relative density, based on the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. Chemical Classification: Hydrocarbons (contain hydrogen and carbon atoms) Summary: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon Classification : Aliphatics: open chains 1. alkanes ("paraffins"): contain only carbon-carbon single bonds (are saturated). Carbon has the ability to bond with itself to form long chains and, as a result, millions of compounds from simple hydrocarbons to large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. 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